On Looking Closely

Cloud Study, John Constable, The Frick

At the beginning of my semester abroad at Oxford, my tutor summoned me and the two other visiting students studying English to his office to give us some advice. We were going to be writing papers much more regularly than we were used to, he told us: during our two terms at Oxford, we would basically write one essay each week on what we had read. My tutor said that reading criticism on the books and writers that we studied could be helpful—he himself would give us a list of recommended criticism each week—but that our most effective tool was not criticism, but close reading. Considering our limited time and fast pace, we would never be able to grasp the scholarship on a writer as thoroughly as a specialist could. This made it difficult for us to try to wade into scholarly debates. But at close reading, he said, we could be as good as anyone else.

I found this to not only be quite helpful for the coming term, but also comforting. Since I first took Literature Humanities, I had often wondered how it could be possible to say something new about these very old books. How many books had been written about these books, and how many of them had I read? My tutor’s answer seemed to be that right now we didn’t have to worry about being original. Instead, it was enough to try to understand the intricacies of the text as thoroughly as we could, and to write about what we noticed. A provocative piece of criticism could kickstart this process, but it wasn’t necessary.

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A Speaking, Bleeding Book: The Relevance of the Core Outside the West

“El Castillo,” the main pyramid at Chichen Itza (credit: Sarah Bryden)

My faith in the value of the Core has wavered on some occasions: during exam periods, while slogging through an exceptionally-dense reading, and in the last half-hour of any seminar discussion on a warm spring afternoon (to name a few instances). More persistently, I’ve often struggled to see the overlap between the Core curriculum and my own academic interests. Much of my research centers on using Indigenous languages, specifically Quechua and Yucatec Maya, to research colonial history in Latin America. Pre-1492, these languages operated in complete separation from the Western canon; as St. Augustine wrote Confessions, the Classic Maya were starting construction on Chichén Itzá. It’s somewhat ironic, then, that I received my strongest proof of the Core’s relevance at a library 45 minutes away from Chichén, in a small Maya-speaking town called Xocén.
I visited the town’s library last summer with a group of fellow Yucatec Maya students. The librarian gave us a thorough tour, but the book that stole the show was actually not on a shelf– instead, it was locked in a safe. To be specific, it was a velvet-wrapped manuscript, which the librarian handled with care and named as a facsimile of the Kuxa’an Áanalte’ (“Living Book”) of Xocén.

He explained the manuscript this way: the original copy was a living, speaking, bleeding document, which contained a history of the world and prophecies about the future. Its provenance is dotted with famous figures, including Jesus and the Maya leaders of the Caste War. But mysteriously, the manuscript disappeared sometime between the Caste War and the 1940s. Although several investigations have been launched, the Living Book’s whereabouts remain unknown. In its place, a handwritten facsimile was drafted by people who had heard, read, and remembered the contents of the original.

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Interdisciplinary Beginnings: Getting Started with Research

Butler Library with tents and risers set up for graduation (photo courtesy of Ishaan Barrett)

In such an interdisciplinary field as urban studies, it can be hard to determine exactly one place or department in which to house or even propose a research project. In fact, the broad disciplinary foundations of the urban studies program—ranging from economics and anthropology to environmental science and sociology—is one of the many reasons I’ve come to love my major. In a field with so much breadth, proposing a research project or jumping off point can be challenging when the multiple academic apartments and fields of study can plausibly come weigh in on the trajectory of your project. The Urban Studies field not the only academic area where this interdisciplinary aspect of research rings true. Even the “clean cut” academic departments at Columbia house overlaps: economics and mathematics, history and sociology, economics and political science, to name a few. With a bit more work, one can find even more complex overlaps between various academic departments and fields when research is concerned. The binary “Venn diagram” of academic overlaps in research can further complexify as the scope and focus of your project shifts or draws on other methods.

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Learning the Core Personally

We’ve all been in that room. Maybe it was your closest class friend. Maybe it was your unspoken class nemesis. Or maybe it was even you. But we’ve all been there when the professor cold calls someone in LitHum or CC to discuss the reading, and instead they launch into a five-minute spiel about their life. Perhaps it was a Marxian reading of Flex Dollars. Perhaps a Vindication on the Rights of Boarding Schools. Maybe even what their Biology class has to say today about Darwin’s theory of evolution and how that makes people in STEM overqualified for the Core.

Chances are, if you’re reading this blog, when you were in that room, you probably rolled your eyes, highlighted a new quote, and mentally prepared to shoot your hand up first with your rehearsed points in tow. For many of us in the humanities who enter a Core classroom, we assume we have it locked down with CC and LitHum analysis. You might have watched your friends struggle over a GenChem problem set, but reading the entire Leviathan in one night was a breeze. And while I do agree it can be quite frustrating to feel like the only one doing the reading or who knows what’s going on in the class, unfortunately, we are not. 

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The Art of the Research Interview

St. Luke Drawing the Virgin, by Rogier van der Weyden, mid-15th century (credit: Wikipedia)

Conducting interviews for a research project can be difficult. As an undergraduate, you’ve only just started to learn about your topic—whether industrial-labor relations in the Old West or modern-day separatist movements in Catalonia and Quebec. Your respondents, on the other hand, depending on the project, will either be experts in their fields or people who have experienced first-hand what you’ve only studied from afar. You’re afraid that you might come off as uninformed, insensitive, or banal. You’re afraid that the interview won’t go anywhere, that you’ll waste your time and that of your subject.

These are persistent anxieties that I’ve had to navigate and overcome. Three summers ago, as a Laidlaw Scholar, I spent two months interviewing journalists and academics about the impact of large language models on American and British newsrooms. I had never conducted an interview before (not even for a school newspaper!) and, in retrospect, had very little idea of what I was getting myself into. I made plenty of mistakes, learned on the fly, and came out of the summer with 21 conversations that I then cobbled together into a long-form research paper. It was an arduous but rewarding process. To make your interviewing experience a little less arduous and, hopefully, a little more rewarding, here are some tips and tricks I picked up along the way:

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Starting the Core Paper

Madonna and Child, Simone Martini, MET

When I was assigned my first paper in Literature Humanities three years ago, I felt somewhat overwhelmed. The paper could be about any aspect of the Iliad, a topic that seemed incredibly rich yet also strangely sterile—what new perspective or insight could I bring to this book that had been read and thought about for thousands of years? 

What seemed particularly daunting was achieving a balance between a thesis that was too obvious (for example, that the gods of the Iliad often behave like humans) and one that was too far-fetched (for example, that Homer wanted to trivialize the gods’ divinity and power). Or, to take another example, it seemed intuitive to say that fate played a large role in the Iliad, but to be taking things too far to say that everything that happens in the epic is predestined and the characters have no free will.

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Reflections on Taking Research Abroad

The Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain, where I spent this summer researching for my senior thesis (credit: Sarah Bryden)

I didn’t come to Columbia with aspirations of traveling abroad– New York City already felt like a foreign country to me, and its museums, languages, and libraries have enough to occupy ten lifetimes’ worth of curiosity. In my sophomore year, however, I spent my summer working on a language documentation project in Mérida, Mexico, through the Laidlaw fellowship. Taking my research abroad proved incredibly rewarding, both academically and personally. I’ve since traveled to Spain for archival research, worked virtually with research teams in Mexico and Germany, and been thoroughly convinced that conducting research abroad is more beneficial and accessible than you might expect. Here, I want to share some of these benefits (which apply to any major or research area), and some of the paths to international research that are open to Columbia students. 

Researchers’ motivations for international travel are often self-evident: archaeologists will travel to digs, linguists to language communities, and historians to archival materials. As undergraduates who have not (yet) specialized academically, these kinds of self-evident travel rationales will not always apply to our projects. This doesn’t mean that traveling for research as an undergraduate is unnecessary– to the contrary, as we develop our academic interests and personal identities, time abroad can be incredibly formative. Moreover, our lack of academic specialization can mean additional opportunities for international travel, and for securing funding. My own experiences abroad have pushed me and my research to grow in two main ways.

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Researching Publics and Public Research

Image overlooking the Adams Morgan Neighborhood in Washington, DC on the Fourth of July, before the fireworks on Capitol Hill (Photo courtesy of Ishaan Barrett)

Imagine for a minute all the spaces that define your life at Columbia: the classrooms where seminars unfold, the lecture halls alive with presentations, the labs buzzing with quiet concentration, and libraries where the daytime hours bleed into the night. Over time, these places stitch themselves together into a web, one familiar and enriched by the places we revisit, but also oddly enclosing. For all its intricacy and complexity, the web of places we might spend our time as students is bounded. Sure, you might venture off campus during the day or throughout the weekend, but when we scrutinize where we spend the academic hours of our days, few extend beyond Morningside or even Columbia’s campus. Intentionally or not, campus builds a physical and invisible boundary that subtly separates how we spend our time and the worlds we come to know. The same can be said for research and the questions, inspired by coursework and mentorship, that we undertake as students. Research conducted within our web of campus spaces is often confined there, but this need not always be the case. 

As you consider beginning or continuing campus research—either in a lab or independently through a fellowship—the question of public research (and even researching public issues) should come to bear. 

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The Art of the Missing: An Interdisciplinary Retreat

Coverlet from the American Folk Art Museum. credit: Julia Sherman, item located in American Folk Art Museum collections.

Coverlet from the American Folk Art Museum. credit: Julia Sherman, item located in American Folk Art Museum collections.

Last spring, I was scrambling a bit for a summer internship, as many fellow second-semester juniors find themselves. While I was already planning to work at a law firm in New York City, it was only a part-time commitment. Not only did I need to fill the rest of my time, but I needed to find the rest of my rent. After many applications and interviews, I accepted a role at the American Folk Art Museum (AFAM) as a curatorial intern.

I was initially drawn to AFAM because of the artistic connection I learned about in my American Culture Criticism seminar with Professor Blake. As a history major with a specialization in American Intellectual History, I eventually realized art was a pretty critical part of the traditions I was studying. After reading books on Andy Warhol, Clement Greenberg, and John Cage, I thought I would find at least some tenable connection to my studies at AFAM.

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The Kantian Challenge and How to Overcome It

Frankfurt’s Bankenviertel district, seen from the Bockenheimer Anlage (credit: Joseph Karaganis)

Like most other Columbia undergraduates, I was first introduced to the work of Immanuel Kant halfway through my sophomore year. Kant’s slim-but-dense ethical treatise, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, is the second text that students read in Contemporary Civilization’s second half.

At the time, I had just finished a year and a half of philosophy courses, and after much deliberation had decided to declare a philosophy major. My previous coursework in Greek and Roman ethics and metaphysics had served me well during the first semester of CC, and I was expecting that the course would go as smoothly in the spring. But I was less prepared than I thought. Despite being only 70 pages long, the Groundwork is brilliant, bewildering, and infuriating all at once. It encapsulates the stunning depth of thought and impassable esotericism that, for better or worse, characterizes much of the best of German philosophy. By the end of the book’s first section, I was uneasy. By the end of the second, I was quietly panicking, and had started to nervously goggle technical terms that I was unfamiliar with. By the end of the third and final section, I had to admit to myself that I was completely lost.

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