Archive for application tips – Page 54

The Matrix

I am hesitant sometimes to use personal experience/opinions when blogging about admissions issues, but every once in a while I will toss in a cultural reference that I understand maybe not everyone will understand.  We have applicants from over 100 countries each year and I understand that not everyone may understand the context, but I try to add enough detail to make the point understood.

One of my favorite movies is The Matrix.  I remember pondering the plot for days after I first saw it.  A good movie for me is one that makes me think for a while after seeing it.  I was not huge fan of the second and third installments, I think they should have left it at one movie, but such is the Hollywood model of producing sequels when a first installment of a film is a hit.

Anyway, for those who have not seen the movie the plot is based upon machines that set up a virtual reality called the Matrix.  Computer programs are written to provide humans with a world that they believe is real, but is not.  Humans are connected to the Matrix and do not physically live in the world, rather they live life as if a character in a computer program.  Why?  Well the machines wanted to tame humans and use them as energy sources after the war between machines and man cut off sunlight to the earth of course!  If you have not seen the movie, no, sleep deprivation from my travel schedule has not caused me to go off the deep end, it really is the plot =)

What does this have to do with admissions?  Well I think that sometimes we buy into a sort of Matrix regarding goals we wish to accomplish in life.  In some cases our society convinces us that there is a formula associated with the goals people have or achievements we seek to accomplish.  Admission to graduate school is a goal many have and society has led many to believe that admission to a graduate program is a Matrix.  Why do I believe this?  Primarily because two of the most common questions I have been asked as I have been traveling this fall are:

  • What is the average GPA required for someone to gain admission?
  • What are the average GRE scores of an incoming student?

These are two questions that I dodge like an adept politician (or should I say like Neo dodging bullets?).  Why?  Well two primary reasons are the diversity of age in our applicant pool along with the fact that we receive applications from over 100 countries each year.  Last year we received transcripts from close to 900 different universities and the youngest enrolled student this year is 21 and the oldest is 51.  With so many countries, universities, teaching styles, and grading systems you might think that it would not be fair to establish a singular standard for all applicants.  I agree – no single standard should be used to judge all applicants to SIPA.

We evaluate each applicant as an individual and the process is very holistic.  There is no Matrix.  Each person has a different story, background, education, experience, and goals.  Yes, we do look at GPA and test scores, but we put them in context and scores and grades are relative to the experience of an applicant.

Another example I could use to state why average GPA is not important is strength of schedule.  One applicant may have a “soft” academic record in terms of courses chosen while another applicant chose very challenging courses and achieved a lower GPA than an applicant who chose an easier pathway.  Should we punish the applicant that chose the more challenging path?  The Admissions Committee does not believe so.

How about the GRE?  Would it be fair to expect that an applicant that speaks English as a third language should score as well on the verbal portion of the GRE as someone who speaks English as a native language?  Again I believe the answer is “no.”

I do understand the desire of applicants to have information regarding GPA and GRE.  It is valid to seek an answer to the question, “How can I tell where I stand in terms of previous successful applicants to your program?”
I will offer up a few comments, none of which ever puts anyone totally at ease, but bear with me.

First, the younger someone is the more attention we pay to grades and test scores.  Why?  Well younger people have less work experience.  The older someone is, the more we might give them a “break” in terms of grades and test scores.  I would not expect that a 51 year old applicant would do as well on the GRE as someone that is 21 and just graduating.  However the 51 year old has decades of experience that the 21 year old does not.

Second, overall GPA is not as important as grades in particular courses.  Let’s say that an applicant majored in Economics and had a GPA of 3.1.  Perhaps this applicant went “off the board” and took some challenging classes that were unrelated to their major.  Maybe he or she got a “C” in a Sociology of Religion class.  Intellectual curiosity is admirable and average grades in a few classes may not be looked upon as a negative, but rather as a positive for wanting to expand one’s intellectual development.

I hope you understand where I am going with all of this – there is no formula we use to admit a student.  I know this still will not put you totally at ease so I will offer one final comment on test scores.  On the GRE we look more at percentiles than we do number scores.  Let’s say you scored a 680 on the quantitative portion of the GRE.  This may have put you in the 71st percentile meaning that 29% of those that took the exam scored better than you, and 69% scored lower than you.

As a general guideline I can say the following regarding percentiles as viewed by the Admissions Committee at SIPA:

  • The low 80s to the high 90s could be considered superior
  • The low 70s to the low 80s could be considered excellent
  • The low 60s to the low 70s could be considered good
  • Scores in the 50s could be considered fair

However, again realize that this scale is relative and we have no cutoffs.  An applicant may speak English as a third language and thus might have scored below the 50th percentile on the verbal portion of the GRE.  At the same time, this applicant could have scored very well on the TOEFL exam and the Committee will take this into account.

And perhaps someone completed extensive quantitative coursework in college but is not a good test taker and does not do well on the GRE.  It is typical for us to use academic transcripts as more of a barometer of ability than test scores.

I realize this entry will not put everyone at ease (just like watching the 2nd and 3rd installments of the Matrix left me unsettled) but I hope it helps provide insight on how we review applicants for our program.  We do not use a formula or Matrix to admit students and you simply need to do your best in telling a compelling story in your application.  A compelling story is told by how you weave your application together.  Who you choose for recommendation writers, what you choose to write about in your personal statement, what you choose to include in your resume, and yes your grades and test scores also are all parts of your story.

We look to admit applicants that are intellectually curious, committed to causes, possess diversity of experience, and are capable of handling our rigorous curriculum.  This mix does not lend itself well to formulas.  I have learned over the years that a bit of skepticism can be a healthy thing.  Be skeptical when society tells you there is one way to achieve something.  In the policy world is takes all kinds of people to make a difference, and we look to admit a class that we believe will assist the coming generations in addressing challenging policy problems – hopefully problems that do not include machines taking over our minds =)

English as a Second Language Tests and Admission

First let me say from a personal standpoint that I admire anyone who is able to communicate at a high level in more than one language.  Mastering a second language is certainly a huge achievement.  My wife speaks three languages very well and each time she rapidly transitions from one language to another it makes my head spin.  And she types all three languages well even on an English keyboard with no foreign language characters.  She’s my hero.

Half the time when I try to speak a bit of Korean I end up speaking broken Spanish, and when I try to speak Spanish broken Korean comes out.  I am convinced that my Latin American apartment neighbors think I am crazy because half the time when I try to say hello, Korean comes out instead of Spanish.

Mastery of English is very important to the Admissions Committee at SIPA due to the rigorous and fast paced nature of our curriculum.  I thought I would provide a bit of insight into how the Admissions Committee views English test reports submitted by applicants that do not speak English as a native language.

SIPA will accept three tests that measure the ability to communicate in English:  TOEFL, IELTS, and a test administered at Columbia University called the English Certification Test (this test must be taken on our campus).  Scores can be divided into three categories.

  • Category 1: We cannot offer admission based on the score regardless of how impressive the rest of an application may be.
  • Category 2: We can offer provisional admission (only for the fall cycle).  Candidates offered provisional admission must enroll in a mandatory, three week, intensive English course hosted at SIPA in the summer.
  • Category 3: We can offer unconditional admission.

For categories 2 and 3, applicants must of course not only score at high level on the English exam, but must also put together a compelling application in all other regards.

We do have minimum scores for admission and they are:

  • TOEFL iBT: 100
  • TOEFL Computer: 250
  • TOEFL Paper: 600
  • IELTS: 7
  • ECT: 7A

We can offer admission to candidates that achieve these scores, the offer will be provisional however if the scores fall within the following range:

  • TOEFL iBT: 100 – 109
  • TOEFL Computer: 250 – 267
  • TOEFL Paper: 600 – 633
  • IELTS: 7 -7.5
  • ECT: 7A – 8A

And finally, we can offer unconditional admission to candidates that achieve the following scores:

  • TOEFL iBT: 110 and above
  • TOEFL Computer: 270 and above
  • TOEFL Paper: 637 and above
  • IELTS: 8 and above
  • ECT: 8B or above

In all cases scores must be less than two years old.  We do not require official test reports to consider candidates for admission.  Candidates can self report test scores on the application Web site all the way up to the Admission Deadline.  Therefore, if you take a test at a late date, as long as you can log in to the application site prior to the deadline to submit the scores achieved, the scores will be accepted for consideration.  Only candidates that are offered admission will then later be asked to submit official test scores for the permanent academic record.

We do recommend that you list our code when taking the TOEFL.  Our TOEFL test code is 2161.

Test-Score Submission

We have been getting many questions recently about test score submission and I want to emphasize an important point: SIPA does not require official test reports (GRE / GMAT / TOEFL / IELTS) for admission consideration.  We accept self reported scores on the application for admission consideration.

Thus applicants need not worry about SIPA receiving official test reports by the admission deadline.  Applicants simply need to enter the scores achieved on the application site.  These scores can be entered up to the deadline, even after submitting Part 2 of the admission application.

So for example, let’s say you submit Part 2 of your application on December 15th after having taken the GRE one time.  If you take the GRE again on December 28th and ETS provides you with your scores within a few days, you log back into your application and report your scores up until January 5th.  We do not need the official score report by January 5th.

SIPA will require official test scores only if an applicant is admitted and pays an enrollment deposit.  The enrollment deposit is due by May 1st and official test reports will need to be submitted to our office in June.  Details will follow once admission offers have been made.

We still encourage applicants to list the appropriate SIPA code when taking these exams, but you need not worry about the official test reports reaching our office by January 5th.  Also note that we do not average test scores, so you can take test multiple times and we will always take the highest scores achieved.   See below for the appropriate SIPA test codes:

  • GRE Code: 2161 (do not list a department code)
  • GMAT for MIA: QF8-64-56
  • GMAT for MPA: QF8-64-99
  • TOEFL:  2161

Letters of Recommendation

Many applicants recently have asked about the “ideal” combination of recommendation letters.  There is no real ideal combination, it really depends on the applicant; however let me elaborate a bit on the subject.

Recommendation letters should come from one of two sources: academic or professional.  In other words, from individuals who have supervised you in the classroom or in the work place.  “Work place” is a broad term.  The work place could include internships, volunteer work, or paid full-time work.  Sometimes unpaid work is much more in alignment with an applicant’s goals and if you are choosing to do something and not get paid for it, this shows a great deal of dedication and commitment.

Since SIPA is a professional school it makes sense that we would like to see at least one professional letter of recommendation.  The only combination we really do not recommend is three academic letters of recommendation.  An applicant that submits three academic letters is basically telling us that there is no one from the professional world that can comment on their ability and qualifications for graduate school.

Beyond this advice, any combination will do.  If you have been out of school for several years, do not feel compelled to go back and get a letter of recommendation from a professor who did not really know you or that you have not been in contact with.  We would much rather receive letters from those that know you and that you have been in contact with in some capacity.  If you had fabulous relationships with a few professors two letters of recommendation from professors is fine.

It is really up to you.  When it comes down to it what we are really looking for is a letter than not only addresses your character, but that addresses you potential to succeed in our program.  This is best accomplished in examples.  When you talk with those writing letters for you, please tell them to include examples of your competence.  It is one thing to say that someone is smart and capable; it is another to provide solid examples of intelligence and ability in the work place or in the classroom.  Be sure that you speak with those writing letters on your behalf and clarify this point.

Age and the Application Process: Youth Considerations

I apologize in advance for the length of this entry, however I think it is important as the questions addressed come up quite frequently.  I wrote it while on a long train ride recently.  If you are still in school or have less than two years of work experience, this entry should provide some helpful information and insight.

Each application season one of the most common inquires we receive is something along the lines of the following:

“I see that your Web site notes that the average age of a new student at SIPA is 27 but I am young and motivated and wish to apply to your program.  I believe that I am a wonderful fit for SIPA and have performed well in school and have participated in activities outside the classroom.  Can you provide advice on how as a young applicant I can put together a competitive application?  Further, as a younger applicant, is it worth my time to apply to your program?”

This question is often accompanied by a résumé, a list of activities/accomplishments, or a personal story about commitment to the intended field of study.

Let me start by stating that the Admissions Committee looks for the same thing all applicants, regardless of age.  We seek to answer two basic questions when reading applications:

1)    Is the applicant prepared/capable of performing well in our rigorous curriculum?

2)    Is the applicant a good fit for our program?  This roughly breaks into whether the application as a whole provides a clear idea of what an applicant wants from our program, what s/he will add to our program, and the contribution s/he hopes to make after leaving our program.

Our goal is to admit applicants who are able to address the points above in a convincing manner, regardless of age.  However, to provide some context let me elaborate on some of the characteristics concerning our typical applicant pool.  Roughly 70% of those that apply to our program are 25 years of age or older.  These individuals usually have 2-3 years worth of full time work experience.

Those who are able to focus full time on work after leaving school have a few things in their favor.  One is the ability to contribute professional experience to the classroom environment at SIPA.  In a professional program like ours, faculty will often ask students to integrate their personal experience into classroom work and assignments.  Two, full time work helps individuals to learn more about what they want to do, and equally as important, what they do not wish to do.  Thus, applications from those who have been out of school for a few years allow an applicant to speak from experience and not just desire and short term experiences such as internships.

Because of the value of experience, applicants that apply during their senior year of college or those with little work experience certainly increase the chance of being admitted if the résumé shows a history of interesting experiences.  To state it another way, we are looking for applicants that are unusually mature compared to others in the same age group.  Examples of such experience/abilities can include:

  • Internships
  • Volunteer Work
  • Student Leadership
  • Study Abroad or time spent working/volunteering abroad
  • The ability to speak multiple languages
  • Focused academic/professional projects
  • A gap year between high school and college, or during college

In sum, we are looking for experiences outside of the classroom that help to demonstrate maturity and focus and as a result will create a rich learning environment at SIPA.  Just as our students wish to learn from faculty members with experience, our faculty look for students who will be able to create synergy in the classroom and increase the value of group projects that are integrated into our curriculum.

Regarding preparation for our core curriculum, we do pay particular attention to quantitative training/experience.  The reason for this is that our core curriculum requires a full year of economics, a quantitative analysis class, and a financial management course.  We feel that in order to succeed in these courses, applicants need some previous experience or demonstrated ability with quantitative methods.  This can be demonstrated through coursework, professional experience, and standardized testing.  Courses in the following areas can help to demonstrate quantitative competence:

  • Mathematics
  • Statistics
  • Quantitative Analysis
  • Economics
  • Science/Engineering coursework

Some younger applicants will also ask about the relevance of academic major/minor.  The Admissions Committee is more concerned with fit and competence than academic major, but it is true that young applicants with a major that is seemingly unrelated to the proposed field of study at SIPA face stronger scrutiny in the admission process.  Thus, young applicants with a major that is somewhat related to the proposed field of study at SIPA are more likely to receive favorable consideration by the Committee.

Let me address a few other common follow up questions from younger applicants.

“Is it possible for you to tell me my chance of being admitted by reviewing my materials before I apply?”

We are unable to tell anyone their chance of being admitted because the admission process is relative.  Each year hundreds of applicants apply and thus the pool is different each year.  There is also turnover in the Admission Committee each year.  The best thing you can do is closely review our FAQ page and put together the most competitive application possible.

A competitive application is one where all of the parts fit together.  By this I mean your personal statement, letters of recommendation, résumé, etc. should all combine to tell the story of why an education at SIPA will allow you to accomplish your goals and how your experience to date has prepared you to succeed in our program.

As a younger applicant, is it worth my time to apply?

In one sense there is never a bad time to apply to SIPA.  If you think you are ready and you want to go for it, nothing should stop you.  One reason I say this is that the Admission Committee does not look down upon or penalize applicants that are denied who choose to reapply at a later time.  As a matter of fact, the Committee sometimes encourages applicants that are denied to reapply at a later time.  Admission to SIPA in quite competitive and often times the Committee will encourage applicants to pursue additional experience or coursework and reapply.

Do you treat domestic and international applicants differently in the admissions process?

Just like the Admissions Committee looks for the same qualifications in an applicant regardless of age, we look for the same things regardless of whether a student is domestic or international.  Of course applicants that do not speak English as a native language must submit an English langauge test result.  The Committee also understands that domestic applicants may achieve higher scores on the GRE.  This is one reason we do not publish average GRE scores.  Each applicant is different and we do not have any GPA or test cutoffs or recommendations.

Many international applicants will also state something like the following:

I think the Committee should understand that in my country a Masters degree is required to apply for jobs, and yet your program prefers applicants to have professional experience.  It is hard for me to get professional experience in my country without a graduate degree.  Does the Committee take this into consideration?

The Committee does understand that this “Catch 22” exists, however we are concerned most with creating the best learning environment possible at SIPA. Our advice is to try to get as much experience as you can outside the classroom while pursuing your undergraduate degree.

In the end please realize that the Committee does not set a limit on the number of people we will admit from certain age groups.  We simply look for the most qualified applicants.  The reality is that the majority of those that apply have experience and it is thus statistically more difficult for those with little or no experience to gain admission.  Each year 5-10% of those that enroll in our program do come directly from college so a small percentage is able to convince the Committee of preparedness for our program.

If you feel you are ready, please do apply.  There is no downside to doing so because we will not penalize you if you choose to reapply at a later time.

"The most global public policy school, where an international community of students and faculty address world challenges."

—Merit E. Janow, Dean, SIPA, Professor of Practice, International and Economic Law and International Affairs

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